Noun Phrases

What are COUNT NOUNS?

Look around the room or the classroom you're sitting in — the more "stuff" in the room, the better. Name some things that somebody must have carried into the room.

desks, chairs, flag, clock, computers, keyboards, projector, books, bookcases, pens, notebooks, backpacks, lights, students (Well, maybe the students walked in under their own power!)

Now name some things that are part of the room itself.

floor, wall, ceiling, windows, door, chalkboard

You can imagine there being more than one of everything you've named so far — although you might have to have more than one room to have more than one floor or ceiling. These are all COUNT NOUNS, things that you can count.

Usage Notes:

Count nouns can be pluralized when appropriate. See the section on Plurals for help with the proper formation of noun plurals.

We can use expressions such as

many bottles

few bottles

a few bottles

These nouns, both singular and plural, can be preceded by the appropriate definite and indefinite articles — the with both singular and plural, a or an with singular count-nouns.

Singular count nouns can be preceded by this and that and by every, each, either, and neither.

Plural count nouns can be preceded by these and those and by some, any, enough, and the zero article. The phrase number of is accompanied by count nouns.

Count nouns cannot be preceded by much. The phrase amount of is also a sure sign that you are not dealing with a count noun.

What are MASS (NON-COUNT) NOUNS?

Here is a list of MASS NOUNS for you to consider. Can you count any of these things? Do we use the plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing? What do the things in the first column have in common? the second column? In the first section, above, we named things in the classroom that we could count. What are some things in the same room that we can't count?

wood

cloth

ice

plastic

wool

steel

aluminum

metal

glass

leather

porcelain

hair

dust

air

oxygen

water

milk

wine

beer

cake

sugar

rice

meat

cheese

flour

reading

boating

smoking

dancing

soccer

hockey

weather

heat

sunshine

electricity

biology

history

mathematics

economics

poetry

Chinese

Spanish

English

luggage

equipment

furniture

experience

applause

photography

traffic

harm

publicity

homework

advice

Usage Notes:

Are there categories of things in the third and fourth columns as well? Click HERE for categories we see.

Generally, these nouns cannot be pluralized. The non-count nouns of the second column (foodstuff) are pluralized when we use the word to express a "type":

There are new wines being introduced every day.

The waters of the Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.

The Dutch are famous for their cheeses.

The spring rains came early.

We can use expressions such as

much harm

little harm

a little harm

It is appropriate to precede these nouns with a definite or indefinite article.

the sunshine

an experience

a wine

But they frequently appear with zero article:

Smoking is bad for you.

Poetry is beautiful.

Sugar is sweet.

Experience is the best teacher.

These nouns can be preceded by some, any, enough, this, that, and much.

Because they are not countable, these nouns cannot be preceded by these, those, every, each, either, and neither

What are ABSTRACT NOUNS?

Here is a list of ABSTRACT NOUNS for you to think about. Can you touch or see any of these things in the physical sense? Can you count any of them? Can you create sentences in which some of these words can be used as plurals?

peace

warmth

hospitality

information

anger

education

melancholy

softness

violence

conduct

courage

leisure

knowledge

safety

shopping

justice

chaos

progress

speed

experience

time

friendship

trouble

work

culture

virtue

taste

evil

liberty

democracy

death

grief

piety

Usage Notes:

Because they refer to ideas, concepts, it is difficult to see how abstract nouns can be pluralized. In fact, many of them cannot be. The abstract nouns in the first two columns (above) cannot be pluralized; the abstract nouns in the second two columns can be. The section below discusses what happens to an abstract noun when it is pluralized.

The griefs of the nation are too much to bear.

The editors took liberties with our prose.

She formed many friendships at college.

In terms of quantifiers and words that precede these words, what we say about the non-count nouns, above, can be said about abstract nouns.

How can something be BOTH a COUNT NOUN and a MASS NOUN?

If we conceive of the meaning of a noun as a continuum from being specific to being general and abstract, we can see how it can move from being a count noun to a mass noun. Consider, for example, the noun experiences. When I say

I had many horrifying experiences as a pilot.

I'm referring to specific, countable moments in my life as a pilot. When I say,

This position requires experience.

I'm using the word in an abstract way; it is not something you can count; it's more like an idea, a general thing that people need to have in order to apply for this job.

If I write

The talks will take place in Degnan Hall.

these talks are countable events or lectures. If I say

I hate it when a meeting is nothing but talk.

the word talk is now uncountable; I'm referring to the general, abstract idea of idle chatter. Evils refers to specific sins — pride, envy, sloth, and everyone's favorite, gluttony — whereas evil refers to a general notion of being bad or ungodly.

One more example: "I love the works of Beethoven" means that I like his symphonies, his string quartets, his concerti and sonatas, his choral pieces — all very countable things, works. "I hate work" means that I find the very idea of labor, in a general way, quite unappealing. Notice that the plural form means something quite different from the singular form of this word; they're obviously related, but they're different. What is the relationship between plastic and plastics, wood and woods, ice and [Italian] ices, hair and hairs?

Further, as noted earlier, almost all mass nouns can become count nouns when they are used in a classificatory sense:

They served some nice Brazilian wines.

There were some real beauties in that rose garden.

We had some serious difficulties in this project.

But some things cannot be made countable or plural: we cannot have furnitures, informations, knowledges, softnesses, or chaoses. When in doubt, consult a good dictionary.

Often a noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun:

People like to have money.

I am tired.

It is getting late.

or a determiner and a noun …:

Our friends have bought a house in the village.

Those houses are very expensive.

… perhaps with an adjective:

Our closest friends have just bought a new house in the village.

Sometimes the noun phrase begins with a quantifier:

All those children go to school here.

Both of my younger brothers are married

Some people spend a lot of money.

Numbers:

Quantifiers come before determiners, but numbers come after determiners:

My four children go to school here. (All my children go to school here.)

Those two suitcases are mine. (Both those suitcases are mine)

So the noun phrase is built up in this way:

Noun: people; money

Determiner + noun: the village, a house, our friends; those houses

Quantifier + noun: some people; a lot of money

Determiner + adjective + noun: our closest friends; a new house.

Quantifier + determiner + noun: all those children;

Quantifier + determiner + adjective + noun: both of my younger brothers

The noun phrase can be quite complicated:

a loaf of nice fresh brown bread

the eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop with a pistol

that attractive young woman in the blue dress sitting over there in the corner

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Noun Phrases

NOUN PHRASES

Suatu frasa (=phrase) adalah sekelompok kata yang di dalamnya terdapat satu kata pokok (=headword) dengan kata-kata yang lain menerangkan kata pokok tersebut.

Frasa Benda (Noun Pharases) :

Suatu frasa benda adalah suatu frasa di mana kata pokoknya adalah kata benda dengan kata-kata lain yang menerangkan kata benda tersebut.

Kata atau kata-kata yang menerangkan ini bisa terletak di depan atau di belakang kata benda itu.

Pembentukan Frasa Benda :

Frasa benda bisa di bentuk dengan susunan kata-kata seperti berikut :

1.      a) Idefinite Article + Noun

yang di maksud dengan Idefinite article adalah kata (sandang) a dan an.

Contoh : a truck                  an examination                        an investment

Rangkaian kata a truck adalah suatu frasa kata benda, a menerangkan kata benda truck ; truck adalah kata kepala (headword) dalam frasa tersebut, a adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kepala.

Penjelasan :

# a atau an artinya satu (sebuah, sebutir, sebatang, seekor, dsb) dan diletakkan di depan kata benda yang di terangkan.

# a digunakan apabila kata yang mengikutinya berawal dengan bunyi mati, misalnya : a man, a star dll. An digunakan apabila kata berikunya berawalan dengan bunyi hidup, misalnya : an astrich, an exam, dll.

# a atau an hanya diikuti oleh kat benda yang bisa dihitung (countable nouns) dan jumlahnya satu atau kata benda tunggal (singular).

b) Definite Article + Noun

yang dimaksud dengan Definite article adalah kata sandang The.

Contoh : the ship               the soup           the cars            the model

Rangkaian kata kata dia atas adalah frasa benda. The menarangkan kata benda ship, soup, cars model. Kata-kata ship, soup, cars,model adalah kata-kata kepala ; the menerangkan kata kepala.

Penjelasan :

# the sering diartikan : tersebut, itu, tadi.

# the bisa diikuti oleh benda yang jumlahnya satu atau tunggal, misalnya the sea, the process, dll; atau diikuti oleh benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu atau jamak, misalnya the people, the poets,dll; dan bisa pula diikuti oleh benda yang tak bisa dihitung, misalnya the water, the nitrogen.

c) Demonstrative Adjective + Noun

yang dimaksud dengan demonstrative adjective adalah kata this, these, that, dan those.

Contoh : This song                      That poem                   those disasters

That stranger                These tragedies           this liquid

Penjelasan :

# This dan that digunakan bila bendanya tunggal atau bila bendanya tak bisa dihitung ; these dan those bila bendanya jamak.

d) Possesive Adjective + Noun

yang dimaksud dengan possessive adjective adalah kata-kata yang menyatakan pemilik sesuatu, misalnya my, yours, his, her, its, our, their, jean’s, Mr.Jones’, dab.

Contoh : Her computers                   your ideas                    brittany’s question

Penjelasan :

# Orang atau sesuatu yang menjadi pemilik sesuatu dinyatakan dengan ‘s , misalnya Han’s house, the sun’s energy, dll.

# Bila pemiliknya sudah berakhir dengan –s , tambahkan saja tanda (‘) tanpa –s, misalnya Hans’ racket, students’, dsb.

2.      Numerals (kata bilangan)

Yang dimaksud dengan numerals adalah one, two, three, ten, dst.

Contoh : two tympanis (=dua buah timpani)

Four members (=empat orang anggota)

Three guest (=ketiga tamu)

3.      Quantitative adjective + Noun

Adalah kata yang menyatakan banyaknya suatu benda, misalnya some, any, much, many, a lot of, few, a little, dsb.

Contoh : some marvels                        much wine                   many wife

Penjelasan :

# Some dan any berarti ‘beberapa’ atau ‘sedikit’. Some dan any digunakan untuk menerangkan semua benda (singular, plural, countable, uncountable).

# much dan many berarti banyak. Much untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns ; many untuk countable nouns.

# a lot of untuk menerangkan benda jamak dan uncountable nouns.

# few and a little berarti sedikit (lebih sedikit daripada some atau any). Few untuk menerangkan plural nouns ; a little untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns.

4.      Qualitative adjective + Noun

Adalah kata yang menunjukan sifat atau keadaan suatu benda, misalnya : white, large, important, harmless, dsb.

Contoh : kind treatments                    clear sky                      underpaid works

Pembentukan Noun phrase dengan of

Of digunakan untuk menggabung dua nouns atau noun phrases, dimana noun yang di depan merupakan bagian dari atau milik noun di belakang of dan keseluruhannya membentuk noun phrases baru ; frase benda ini masih bisa dihubungkan dengan of dengan frasa lain hingga tak terbatas.

Contoh :      the roof of the house (=atap rumah)

Pengertian Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase adalah frasa antara noun, pronoun, atau number (berfungsi sebagai head) dan satu atau lebih modifier.

Ilustrasi

Frasa kata benda ini digunakan ketika single noun tidak cukup spesifik untuk menunjuk suatu

kata benda.

Contoh Noun Phrase:

Anda ingin mengatakan ke teman ada bahwa seseorang wanita yang ada dikerumunan orang-orang adalah saudara anda. Maka anda dapat mengatakan:

The fair-skinned woman with a red T-shirt and black skirt is my sister.

                                     NP

Basic Noun Phrase

Komponen basic noun phrase terdiri dari:

determiners, yaitu: pre (multiplier, fraction, distributive, intensifier, exclamative), central (article, possessive, demonstrative), dan/atau post-determiner (number, quantifier).

head, yaitu: noun atau numeral/number.

Contoh basic noun phrase:

my bag

Keterangan: my= possessive, bag= head

the next page

Keterangan: the= article, next= number, page= head

Complex Noun Phrase

Komponen complex noun phrase terdiri dari:

Pre-modifiers, merupakan modifiers yang ditempatkan sebelum head, yaitu: determiners, adjective, adjective phrase, participle (active & passive), & kata benda lain.

Head, yaitu: noun, pronoun, atau number, dan/atau

Post-Modifiers, merupakan modifiers yang ditempatkan setelah head, yaitu: prepositional phrase, participle (active & passive), to infinitive, relative clause, dan complementation.

Contoh complex noun phrase:

A love letter put on my bag

Keterangan: a= determiner, love= kata benda lain, letter= head, put= past participle, on my bag= prepositional phrase

The rich in the world who cares with the poor

Keterangan: the= determiner, rich= adjective, in the world= prepositional phrase, who cares with the poor= relative clause

[big]Semoga tulisan pengertian, macam, dan contoh noun phrase ini bermanfaat dan mohon maaf jika ada kekurangan. Feel free to comment! :)

[soc]

Recognize a noun phrase when you see one.

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it.

You can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.

Modifiers can come before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.

Articles: a dog, the dog

Possessive nouns: Aunt Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer's dog

Possessive pronouns: our dog, her dog, their dog

Adjectives: that dog, the big dog, the spotted dog

Participles: the drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog

Modifiers that come after the noun might include prepositional phrases, adjective clauses, participle phrases, and/or infinitives.

Prepositional phrases: a dog on the loose, the dog in the front seat, the dog behind the fence

Adjective clauses: the dog that chases cats, the dog that looks lost, the dog that won the championship

Participle phrases: the dog whining for a treat, the dog clipped at the grooming salon, the dog walked daily

Infinitives: the dog to catch, the dog to train, the dog to adopt

Less frequently, a noun phrase will have a pronoun as its base—a word like we, everybody, etc.—and the modifiers which distinguish it. Read these examples:

We who were green with envy

We = subject pronoun; who were green with envy = modifier.

Someone intelligent

Someone = indefinite pronoun; intelligent = modifier.

No one important

No one = indefinite pronoun; important = modifier.

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu