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Conditional Sentences
Conditional Sentences
are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express
that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a
certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types
of Conditional Sentences.
Conditional Sentence
Type 1
→ It is possible and
also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple
Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her
address, I’ll send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence
Type 2
→ It is possible but
very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past,
Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her
address, I would send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence
Type 3
→ It is impossible that
the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Form: if + Past
Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found
her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
IF Clause Type 1
Form
if + Simple Present,
will-Future
Example: If I find her
address, I will send her an invitation.
The main clause can
also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I will send
her an invitation if I find her address.
Note: Main clause and /
or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to
form negative sentences.
Example: If I don’t see
him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
Use
Conditional Sentences
Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the
condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather
realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Example: If I find her
address, I’ll send her an invitation.
I want to send an
invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure,
however, that I will find it.
Example: If John has the
money, he will buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well
and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think
it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.
IF Clause Type 2
Form
if + Simple Past, main
clause with Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her
address, I would send her an invitation.
The main clause can
also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would send
her an invitation if I found her address.
Note: Main clause and /
or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on how to
form negative sentences.
Example: If I had a lot
of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
Were instead of Was
In IF Clauses Type II,
we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.
Example: If I were you,
I would not do this.
Use
Conditional Sentences
Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the
present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to
change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“
Example: If I found her
address, I would send her an invitation.
I would like to send an
invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot
find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her
address.
Example: If John had
the money, he would buy a Ferrari.
I know John very well
and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would
like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he
will have the money to buy one in the near future.
IF Clause Type 3
Form
if + Past Perfect, main
clause with Conditional II
Example: If I had found
her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
The main clause can
also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.
Example: I would have
sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Note: Main clause and /
or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II on how to
form negative sentences.
Example: If I hadn’t
studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
Use
Conditional Sentences
Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the
past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then,
however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Example: If I had found
her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Sometime in the past, I
wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however.
So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.
Example: If John had had
the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
I knew John very well
and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have
loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.
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