What are COUNT NOUNS?
Look around the room or
the classroom you're sitting in — the more "stuff" in the room, the
better. Name some things that somebody must have carried into the room.
desks, chairs, flag,
clock, computers, keyboards, projector, books, bookcases, pens, notebooks,
backpacks, lights, students (Well, maybe the students walked in under their own
power!)
Now name some things
that are part of the room itself.
floor, wall, ceiling,
windows, door, chalkboard
You can imagine there
being more than one of everything you've named so far — although you might have
to have more than one room to have more than one floor or ceiling. These are
all COUNT NOUNS, things that you can count.
Usage Notes:
Count nouns can be
pluralized when appropriate. See the section on Plurals for help with the
proper formation of noun plurals.
We can use expressions
such as
many bottles
few bottles
a few bottles
These nouns, both
singular and plural, can be preceded by the appropriate definite and indefinite
articles — the with both singular and plural, a or an with singular
count-nouns.
Singular count nouns
can be preceded by this and that and by every, each, either, and neither.
Plural count nouns can
be preceded by these and those and by some, any, enough, and the zero article.
The phrase number of is accompanied by count nouns.
Count nouns cannot be
preceded by much. The phrase amount of is also a sure sign that you are not
dealing with a count noun.
What are MASS
(NON-COUNT) NOUNS?
Here is a list of MASS
NOUNS for you to consider. Can you count any of these things? Do we use the
plural form of any of these words in common speech and writing? What do the
things in the first column have in common? the second column? In the first
section, above, we named things in the classroom that we could count. What are
some things in the same room that we can't count?
wood
cloth
ice
plastic
wool
steel
aluminum
metal
glass
leather
porcelain
hair
dust
air
oxygen
water
milk
wine
beer
cake
sugar
rice
meat
cheese
flour
reading
boating
smoking
dancing
soccer
hockey
weather
heat
sunshine
electricity
biology
history
mathematics
economics
poetry
Chinese
Spanish
English
luggage
equipment
furniture
experience
applause
photography
traffic
harm
publicity
homework
advice
Usage Notes:
Are there categories of
things in the third and fourth columns as well? Click HERE for categories we
see.
Generally, these nouns
cannot be pluralized. The non-count nouns of the second column (foodstuff) are
pluralized when we use the word to express a "type":
There are new wines
being introduced every day.
The waters of the
Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.
The Dutch are famous
for their cheeses.
The spring rains came
early.
We can use expressions
such as
much harm
little harm
a little harm
It is appropriate to
precede these nouns with a definite or indefinite article.
the sunshine
an experience
a wine
But they frequently
appear with zero article:
Smoking is bad for you.
Poetry is beautiful.
Sugar is sweet.
Experience is the best
teacher.
These nouns can be
preceded by some, any, enough, this, that, and much.
Because they are not
countable, these nouns cannot be preceded by these, those, every, each, either,
and neither
What are ABSTRACT
NOUNS?
Here is a list of
ABSTRACT NOUNS for you to think about. Can you touch or see any of these things
in the physical sense? Can you count any of them? Can you create sentences in
which some of these words can be used as plurals?
peace
warmth
hospitality
information
anger
education
melancholy
softness
violence
conduct
courage
leisure
knowledge
safety
shopping
justice
chaos
progress
speed
experience
time
friendship
trouble
work
culture
virtue
taste
evil
liberty
democracy
death
grief
piety
Usage Notes:
Because they refer to
ideas, concepts, it is difficult to see how abstract nouns can be pluralized.
In fact, many of them cannot be. The abstract nouns in the first two columns
(above) cannot be pluralized; the abstract nouns in the second two columns can
be. The section below discusses what happens to an abstract noun when it is
pluralized.
The griefs of the
nation are too much to bear.
The editors took
liberties with our prose.
She formed many
friendships at college.
In terms of quantifiers
and words that precede these words, what we say about the non-count nouns,
above, can be said about abstract nouns.
How can something be
BOTH a COUNT NOUN and a MASS NOUN?
If we conceive of the
meaning of a noun as a continuum from being specific to being general and
abstract, we can see how it can move from being a count noun to a mass noun.
Consider, for example, the noun experiences. When I say
I had many horrifying
experiences as a pilot.
I'm referring to
specific, countable moments in my life as a pilot. When I say,
This position requires
experience.
I'm using the word in
an abstract way; it is not something you can count; it's more like an idea, a
general thing that people need to have in order to apply for this job.
If I write
The talks will take
place in Degnan Hall.
these talks are
countable events or lectures. If I say
I hate it when a
meeting is nothing but talk.
the word talk is now
uncountable; I'm referring to the general, abstract idea of idle chatter. Evils
refers to specific sins — pride, envy, sloth, and everyone's favorite, gluttony
— whereas evil refers to a general notion of being bad or ungodly.
One more example:
"I love the works of Beethoven" means that I like his symphonies, his
string quartets, his concerti and sonatas, his choral pieces — all very
countable things, works. "I hate work" means that I find the very
idea of labor, in a general way, quite unappealing. Notice that the plural form
means something quite different from the singular form of this word; they're
obviously related, but they're different. What is the relationship between
plastic and plastics, wood and woods, ice and [Italian] ices, hair and hairs?
Further, as noted
earlier, almost all mass nouns can become count nouns when they are used in a
classificatory sense:
They served some nice
Brazilian wines.
There were some real
beauties in that rose garden.
We had some serious
difficulties in this project.
But some things cannot
be made countable or plural: we cannot have furnitures, informations,
knowledges, softnesses, or chaoses. When in doubt, consult a good dictionary.
Often a noun phrase is
just a noun or a pronoun:
People like to have
money.
I am tired.
It is getting late.
or a determiner and a
noun …:
Our friends have bought
a house in the village.
Those houses are very
expensive.
… perhaps with an
adjective:
Our closest friends
have just bought a new house in the village.
Sometimes the noun
phrase begins with a quantifier:
All those children go
to school here.
Both of my younger
brothers are married
Some people spend a lot
of money.
Numbers:
Quantifiers come before
determiners, but numbers come after determiners:
My four children go to
school here. (All my children go to school here.)
Those two suitcases are
mine. (Both those suitcases are mine)
So the noun phrase is
built up in this way:
Noun: people; money
Determiner + noun: the
village, a house, our friends; those houses
Quantifier + noun: some
people; a lot of money
Determiner + adjective
+ noun: our closest friends; a new house.
Quantifier + determiner
+ noun: all those children;
Quantifier + determiner
+ adjective + noun: both of my younger brothers
The noun phrase can be
quite complicated:
a loaf of nice fresh
brown bread
the eight-year-old boy
who attempted to rob a sweet shop with a pistol
that attractive young
woman in the blue dress sitting over there in the corner
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Noun Phrases
NOUN PHRASES
Suatu frasa (=phrase)
adalah sekelompok kata yang di dalamnya terdapat satu kata pokok (=headword)
dengan kata-kata yang lain menerangkan kata pokok tersebut.
Frasa Benda (Noun
Pharases) :
Suatu frasa benda
adalah suatu frasa di mana kata pokoknya adalah kata benda dengan kata-kata
lain yang menerangkan kata benda tersebut.
Kata atau kata-kata
yang menerangkan ini bisa terletak di depan atau di belakang kata benda itu.
Pembentukan Frasa Benda
:
Frasa benda bisa di
bentuk dengan susunan kata-kata seperti berikut :
1. a) Idefinite Article + Noun
yang di maksud dengan
Idefinite article adalah kata (sandang) a dan an.
Contoh : a truck an examination an investment
Rangkaian kata a truck
adalah suatu frasa kata benda, a menerangkan kata benda truck ; truck adalah
kata kepala (headword) dalam frasa tersebut, a adalah kata yang menerangkan
kata kepala.
Penjelasan :
# a atau an artinya
satu (sebuah, sebutir, sebatang, seekor, dsb) dan diletakkan di depan kata benda
yang di terangkan.
# a digunakan apabila
kata yang mengikutinya berawal dengan bunyi mati, misalnya : a man, a star dll.
An digunakan apabila kata berikunya berawalan dengan bunyi hidup, misalnya : an
astrich, an exam, dll.
# a atau an hanya
diikuti oleh kat benda yang bisa dihitung (countable nouns) dan jumlahnya satu
atau kata benda tunggal (singular).
b) Definite Article +
Noun
yang dimaksud dengan
Definite article adalah kata sandang The.
Contoh : the ship the soup the cars the model
Rangkaian kata kata dia
atas adalah frasa benda. The menarangkan kata benda ship, soup, cars model.
Kata-kata ship, soup, cars,model adalah kata-kata kepala ; the menerangkan kata
kepala.
Penjelasan :
# the sering diartikan
: tersebut, itu, tadi.
# the bisa diikuti oleh
benda yang jumlahnya satu atau tunggal, misalnya the sea, the process, dll;
atau diikuti oleh benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu atau jamak, misalnya the
people, the poets,dll; dan bisa pula diikuti oleh benda yang tak bisa dihitung,
misalnya the water, the nitrogen.
c) Demonstrative
Adjective + Noun
yang dimaksud dengan
demonstrative adjective adalah kata this, these, that, dan those.
Contoh : This song That poem those disasters
That stranger These tragedies this liquid
Penjelasan :
# This dan that
digunakan bila bendanya tunggal atau bila bendanya tak bisa dihitung ; these
dan those bila bendanya jamak.
d) Possesive Adjective
+ Noun
yang dimaksud dengan
possessive adjective adalah kata-kata yang menyatakan pemilik sesuatu, misalnya
my, yours, his, her, its, our, their, jean’s, Mr.Jones’, dab.
Contoh : Her
computers your
ideas brittany’s
question
Penjelasan :
# Orang atau sesuatu
yang menjadi pemilik sesuatu dinyatakan dengan ‘s , misalnya Han’s house, the
sun’s energy, dll.
# Bila pemiliknya sudah
berakhir dengan –s , tambahkan saja tanda (‘) tanpa –s, misalnya Hans’ racket,
students’, dsb.
2. Numerals (kata bilangan)
Yang dimaksud dengan
numerals adalah one, two, three, ten, dst.
Contoh : two tympanis
(=dua buah timpani)
Four members (=empat
orang anggota)
Three guest (=ketiga
tamu)
3. Quantitative adjective + Noun
Adalah kata yang
menyatakan banyaknya suatu benda, misalnya some, any, much, many, a lot of,
few, a little, dsb.
Contoh : some
marvels much
wine many wife
Penjelasan :
# Some dan any berarti
‘beberapa’ atau ‘sedikit’. Some dan any digunakan untuk menerangkan semua benda
(singular, plural, countable, uncountable).
# much dan many berarti
banyak. Much untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns ; many untuk countable nouns.
# a lot of untuk
menerangkan benda jamak dan uncountable nouns.
# few and a little
berarti sedikit (lebih sedikit daripada some atau any). Few untuk menerangkan plural
nouns ; a little untuk menerangkan uncountable nouns.
4. Qualitative adjective + Noun
Adalah kata yang
menunjukan sifat atau keadaan suatu benda, misalnya : white, large, important,
harmless, dsb.
Contoh : kind
treatments clear
sky underpaid works
Pembentukan Noun phrase
dengan of
Of digunakan untuk
menggabung dua nouns atau noun phrases, dimana noun yang di depan merupakan
bagian dari atau milik noun di belakang of dan keseluruhannya membentuk noun phrases
baru ; frase benda ini masih bisa dihubungkan dengan of dengan frasa lain
hingga tak terbatas.
Contoh : the roof of the house (=atap rumah)
Pengertian Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase adalah
frasa antara noun, pronoun, atau number (berfungsi sebagai head) dan satu atau
lebih modifier.
Ilustrasi
Frasa kata benda ini
digunakan ketika single noun tidak cukup spesifik untuk menunjuk suatu
kata benda.
Contoh Noun Phrase:
Anda ingin mengatakan
ke teman ada bahwa seseorang wanita yang ada dikerumunan orang-orang adalah
saudara anda. Maka anda dapat mengatakan:
The fair-skinned woman
with a red T-shirt and black skirt is my sister.
NP
Basic Noun Phrase
Komponen basic noun
phrase terdiri dari:
determiners, yaitu: pre
(multiplier, fraction, distributive, intensifier, exclamative), central
(article, possessive, demonstrative), dan/atau post-determiner (number,
quantifier).
head, yaitu: noun atau
numeral/number.
Contoh basic noun
phrase:
my bag
Keterangan: my=
possessive, bag= head
the next page
Keterangan: the=
article, next= number, page= head
Complex Noun Phrase
Komponen complex noun
phrase terdiri dari:
Pre-modifiers,
merupakan modifiers yang ditempatkan sebelum head, yaitu: determiners,
adjective, adjective phrase, participle (active & passive), & kata
benda lain.
Head, yaitu: noun,
pronoun, atau number, dan/atau
Post-Modifiers,
merupakan modifiers yang ditempatkan setelah head, yaitu: prepositional phrase,
participle (active & passive), to infinitive, relative clause, dan
complementation.
Contoh complex noun
phrase:
A love letter put on my
bag
Keterangan: a=
determiner, love= kata benda lain, letter= head, put= past participle, on my
bag= prepositional phrase
The rich in the world
who cares with the poor
Keterangan: the=
determiner, rich= adjective, in the world= prepositional phrase, who cares with
the poor= relative clause
[big]Semoga tulisan
pengertian, macam, dan contoh noun phrase ini bermanfaat dan mohon maaf jika
ada kekurangan. Feel free to comment! :)
[soc]
Recognize a noun phrase
when you see one.
A noun phrase includes
a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it.
You can find the noun
dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer
means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog,
the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in
the new flower bed.
Modifiers can come
before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles,
possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.
Articles: a dog, the
dog
Possessive nouns: Aunt
Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer's dog
Possessive pronouns:
our dog, her dog, their dog
Adjectives: that dog,
the big dog, the spotted dog
Participles: the
drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog
Modifiers that come
after the noun might include prepositional phrases, adjective clauses,
participle phrases, and/or infinitives.
Prepositional phrases:
a dog on the loose, the dog in the front seat, the dog behind the fence
Adjective clauses: the
dog that chases cats, the dog that looks lost, the dog that won the
championship
Participle phrases: the
dog whining for a treat, the dog clipped at the grooming salon, the dog walked
daily
Infinitives: the dog to
catch, the dog to train, the dog to adopt
Less frequently, a noun
phrase will have a pronoun as its base—a word like we, everybody, etc.—and the
modifiers which distinguish it. Read these examples:
We who were green with
envy
We = subject pronoun;
who were green with envy = modifier.
Someone intelligent
Someone = indefinite
pronoun; intelligent = modifier.
No one important